Bier51
L.Biermann, A.Schluter,
"Cosmic Radiation and Cosmic Magnetic Fields. II. Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields",
Phys.Rev. 82, 863 (1951).
[ Cylind vs Sphere forces >> turbulent field energy ~ Temperature ]
Park57
E.N. Parker,
"The Solar Hydromagnetic Dynamo",
Geophysics, 43, 8 (1957).
[ Sun Dipole =1.G; MHD Eqns; magnetic buoyancy;
hydromagnetic dynamo (a la Elasser); magnetic diffusion & coalescence;
bands of B_toroidal beneath surface;
convective cells "carry the lines of force"]
Park58
E.N.Parker,
"Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields",
Ap.J. 128, 664 (1958)
[ SolWind >> B_radial , HydroCorona T=3e6K ]
Davi64
Ness64
Ness65
Ness65b
Scha68
Scha72
Smit74
Scha75
Davi75
Alfv77
Beha78 >br>
K.W. Behannon,
Thom80
Burl84
Hoek85
Klei87
Beha89
Lepp90
VanH96
Burl98
McCo00
Smit08
2008 Smith
The Global HelioSpheric Magnetic Field
Seus08
2008 Suess,
Overview
Burl09
Radial and solar cycle variations of the magnetic fields in the heliosheath:
Mack12
2012 Mackay, Yeates
Sun's Global Photospheric and Coronal Mag Fields, Obs & Models
?? Living Reviews
Khab12
2012**Khabarova (Obridko) Puzzles of the IMF Parker problems
Khab13
2013**Khabarova IMF: Radial & Latitudinal
Numerous problems w/ Parker Frozen-In; but sees NoDeadElephant
leRo15a
2015 (ApJ) leRoux (Zank, Webb, Khabarova)
leRo15b
2015 (jPhyConf) leRoux (Webb, Zank, Khabarova)
Merging Small-scale SolarWind FluxRopes -> Ion Acceleration
Fox16
2016 Fox (Bale/McComas SpaceSciRev) "ParkerSolarProbe : Humanity's First"
ParkerSpiral, spaceweather.uma.es
Myer16
2016 Myers (Yamada, Ji) MRX Flux Ropes : hoop vs strapping vs tension forces
Zirk17
2017 Zirker/Engvold (PhysicsToday)
## "MHD waves of some kind could be the answer" : heat Corona, drive SolWind
** "Alfvenic waves in thin plasma jets called typeII spicules"
## "Alfvenic waves cause no compression ... can propagate in tenuous plasmas
with virtually no energy losses"
## "partially ionized prominence plasma is thereby 'frozen" to the magnetic field
and may flow only in the direction of the field"
Chen17
2017 Chen Review force-free (JxB=0) Flux_Ropes
Obs_&_Theo: CMEs maintain connection to Sun
## Parker Spiral from Alfven !!
## "ideal MHD is difficult to justify" : filaments, resistive photosphere
Leverrett Davis, E.J. Smith, P.J. Coleman Jr, C.P. Sonett,
"Interplanetary Magnetic Measurements"
yet "characteristics similar to those expected on the basis of theory";
tendency to "use this [Parker] model, together with our data, to infer the [residual] spacecraft-field";
IMF is "consistent with general model ... of an Archimedes spiral", +/- polarity,
"magnetic field lines ...tend to be dragged out by the solar wind" ]
N.F. Ness, J.M. Wilcox,
"Solar Origin of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field",
Phys.Rev.Lett. 13, 461 (1964)
[ IMP-1 satellite data.
IMF is "consistent with general model ... of an Archimedes spiral", +/- polarity,
"magnetic field lines ...tend to be dragged out by the solar wind" ]
N.F. Ness,
"Measurements of the Magnetic Fields in Interplanetary Space and the Magnetosphere",
NASA 19660006762
[ IMF: Pioneer.5, Explorer.2, Mariner.2,4, IMP-1,3 ;
"The magnetized solar plasma contains a field of approximately 5gammas which is
directed along the classical Archimedean spiral predicted by Parker;"
"deduced conclusively to bew of solar origin, is structured into 4 sectors;"
"interpreted on the basis of the 'frozen-in' flux concept introduce by Alfven"
N.F. Ness, J.M. Wilcox,
"Sector Structure of the Quiet Interplanetary Magnetic Field",
Science, New Series 148, 1592 (1965)
K.H. Schatten, J.M. Wilcox, N.F. Ness,
"A Model of the Interplanetary and Coronal Magnetic Fields",
Solar Physics 6, 442 (1969)
[ "transport the [transverse] solar magnetic field to a position near the earth";
"frozen field approximation";
current=0 below Source Surface at 1.7*Rsun;
Guesstimation EnergyDensity plots;
"Green's function solution" with Monopoles M =>> radial component only;
"The source surface tends to smooth out the photospheric field on a scale
comparable to Rsou-Rsun";
K.H. Schatten,
"Large-Scale Properties of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field",
[ Invited Review: Monopolar Source Surface & Spirals ]
E.J. Smith,
"Radial Gradients in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field between 1.0 and 4.3 AU"
[ Pioneer.10 "observations agree with theory",
after conflating "steady" with "fluctuating"
K.H. Schatten, "Coronal Magnetic Field Models"
Rev. Geophysics & Space Physics, 13, 589 (1975)
[ "largest scale detailed tracing of field lines achieved by man"
[Maxwell Eqns] "can apply so rigorously over an astronomical scale"
r^-2 IMF "consistent with the Parker (1958) Archimedian spiral"
Ness/Wilcox data for IMF @earth "consistent on average with Parker's spiral model;"
but "proper handling of electric currents within the corona is
one of the major problems facing coronal models"
Leverett Davis Jr, A.S. Goldhaber, M.M. Nieto,
"Limit on the Photon Mass Deduced from Pioneer-10 Observations of Jupiter's Magnetic Field"
[ Pioneer-10, spherical.harmonics (w/o Monopole!!) -> Photon.Mass.Upper.Limit }
Hannes Alfven,
"Electric Currents in Cosmic Plasmas"
Rev. Geophysics & Space Physics, 15, 271 (1977).
[ Static electric field E_parallel =/ 0 = energy source ]
[ ** B-field DOES NOT MOVE ]
[ "To ask whether a field line 'moves' or not has no meaning"
"frozen-in concept is very often invalidated ...
has led to serious misunderstanidng of important phenomena, particularly
when combined with the 'magnetic field line reconnection' concept ('magnetic merging')"
[ ** 4 Models (including Parker Spiral), all COMPLETE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS **]
[ "Double Layers" are effectively plasma CAPACITORS' ]
[ "eliminating electric currents" is a mistake ]
"Heliocentric Distance Dependence of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field",
Rev. Geophysics & Space Physics, 16, 125 (1978)
[ ~~ proverbial 'Toe the Line, Hoe the Field' ]
[ conflates persistent with fluctuations ; strong statements of agreement w/ Parker Spiral ]
B.T.Thomas, E.J. Smith,
"The Parker Spiral Configuration of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Between 1 and 8.5 A.U.",
J. Geophysical Research, 85, 6861 (1980).
[ "field directions are found, on average, to conform to the Parker spiral directions" ]
L.F. Burlaga, L.W. Klein, R.P. Lepping, K.W. Behannon
"Large-Scale Interplanetary Magnetic Fields: Voyager 1 and 2 Observations between 1 AU and 9.5 AU"
[ V1, V2 1->9.5AU |B| ~ 4.75 (1+R^2)^.5 * R^-2
[ "strength B ... in agreement with the spiral field model"
[ "fluctuations in B relative to the mean field was large"
J.T. Hoeksema, "The Solar Magnetic Field Since 1976"
wso.stanford.edu/Description.ps
[ Source.Surface 'MonoPole' Expansion
L.W. Klein, L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness
"Radial and Latitudinal Variations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field"
J. Geophysical Research, 92, 9885 (1987)
[ "Observations of the radial variation of the large-scale magnetic field
[ strength in the ecliptic agree with the predictions of Parker's model
[ when temporal variations in the magnetic field and bulk speed are taken into account"
K.W. Behannon, L.F. Burlaga, J.T. Hoeksema, L.W. Klein,
Spatial Variation and Evolution of Heliospheric Sector Structures"
[ variation & evolution 1->25.AU, 5->27degLat;
[ V1,V2, Pioneer, WilcoxSolarObs
R.P. Lepping, J.A. Jones, L.F. Burlaga,
Magnetic Field Structure of Interplanetary Magnetic Clouds at 1 AU"
J. Geophysical Research, 95, 11957 (1990)
[** "magnetic clouds"
[ from Lundquist(1950) constant-alpha force-free field solution
G. VanHoven, D.D. Schnack, "Structure and Dynamics of the Coronal Magnetic Field"
NASA-CR-201944
[ MHD model ; builds on Parker spiral "
L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley Jr,
Heliospheric magnetic field strength out to 66 AU: Voyager 1, 1978 - 1996"
[ "consistent with Parker spiral"
D.J. McComas, B.L. Barraclough, H.O. Funstein, J.T. Gosling E. Santiago-Munoz,
R.M. Skough, B.E. Goldstein, M.Neugebauer, P.Riley, A. Balogh
"Solar wind observations over Ulysses' first full polar orbit"
J. Geophysical Research 105, 10419 (2000).
Balo01
2001 Balogh, Forsyth, Horbury, Jones
Magnetic Fields in 3-D HelioSphere: Ulysses Observations **Data**
Much confusion, no comparison to ParkerSpiral
Voyager.1 observations from 2005 to 2008"
J. Geophysical Research 114, A06106 (2009)
2009##Burlaga (Ness, Sheeley) Voyager.I Radial & Sol.Cycle variations
|B|~ 0.02-> 0.1nT 94.->108.A.U. |B| correlated with SolWind, Time-Shifted
|B|~ 1.5->0.5nT 1.->9.A.U
**Fig.5 = "Parker's model" precise fit.